How to Analyze 224 Gb/s PAM4 Electrical Waveforms with Sampling Oscilloscopes

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Modular Sampling Oscilloscope
+ Modular Sampling Oscilloscope
Modular Sampling Oscilloscope
+ Modular Sampling Oscilloscope

High-Fidelity 224G PAM4 Signal Measurement

A 224 Gb/s pulse amplitude modulation 4-level (PAM4) electrical waveform presents significant measurement challenges due to extremely fast edge rates, reduced voltage margins, and increased sensitivity to channel loss and noise in next-generation 800G, 1.6T, and higher-speed interconnects. Engineers must accurately evaluate waveform shape, level separation, and timing behavior to assess signal integrity, but measurement bandwidth limitations, noise, and signal access constraints can distort the captured waveform and obscure true transmitter performance.

Accurate 224G waveform analysis requires high electrical bandwidth, low-noise acquisition, minimal signal path loss, and precise timing synchronization to ensure accurate waveform reconstruction. The measurement can be performed using a sampling oscilloscope with a high-bandwidth electrical sampling module positioned close to the signal source to preserve waveform fidelity. This workflow captures repetitive PAM4 signals using a synchronized timing reference, enabling analysis of eye diagrams, voltage levels, jitter, and transition behavior under conditions that minimize measurement-induced distortion.

224 Gb/s Electrical Waveform Analysis Solution

Analyzing 224 Gb/s PAM4 electrical waveforms requires capturing high-speed signals with sufficient bandwidth and minimal measurement distortion to preserve waveform integrity. Keysight’s 224 Gb/s electrical waveform analysis solution includes a modular sampling oscilloscope with a high-bandwidth electrical sampling module. The workflow enables engineers to perform close-to-device signal acquisition, reduce path loss prior to measurement, and analyze eye quality, level separation, and timing behavior with high fidelity.
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