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The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) published its very first 5G specification in December 2017. It includes non-standalone (NSA) mode using the LTE core and radio networks, while preparing a full-scale rollout of NR stand-alone deployments. The main scenario for NSA mode is the widely considered LTE-NR Dual Connectivity (DC), in which user data can be exchanged between a mobile device and a NR base station along with LTE connectivity.
The first 5G standard non-standalone deployment configuration offers throughput and latency advantages that can be achieved with the existing 4G network coverage. However, it requires more complex hardware implementations to allow simultaneous connections with both LTE and NR networks, which will increase costs, especially for user equipment (UE).
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