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Application Notes
Automotive tires have complex laminated structures made up of layers packed on top of each other from the inner to the outer side of the tire (Figure 1a). The individual components of tires include multiple rubber compounds, textiles, steel belts, beads, etc.1 . Modern tires are designed and manufactured based on complicated engineering simulations and extensive real-world testing for achieving the highest performance in terms of steering, stability, wearing, etc.2 , which comes from the best mechanical response of all components functioning together.
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) has been widely used to measure the storage and loss modulus of tires. In conventional DMA, the sample is oscillated by factoring in tension, compression, or bending to determine the complex modulus reflecting the viscoelastic materials’ response to the oscillation 3 . Keysight Technologies’ G200 nanoindentation system with continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) and the ability to oscillate offers an optional method of measurement of the complex modulus of tires spatially, as well as for a wide range of frequencies due to the lesser mass involved in this technique 4 . The cross-sectional analysis of different parts of a tire consisting different materials was performed using flat-punch CSM nanoindentation and demonstrated in this application note. Profiles of storage and loss modulus variations were generated along the lines from the inner side to the outer side of the tire.
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