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Physical layer electrical tests for automotive Ethernet transmitter compliance involve executing a wide range of conformance tests based on different data rates and standards. Two standards governing bodies for automotive Ethernet, the IEEE, and the OPEN Alliance, specify a wide range of these conformance tests and test cases.
Performing the automotive Ethernet conformance test requires an oscilloscope. A network analyzer and an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) or function generator are used for transmitter distortion for 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps tests, MDI return loss, MDI mode conversion loss, and power spectral density (PSD) tests. In addition to measurement data, a wide range of electrical tests must be performed to obtain a margin analysis report showing how closely each automotive Ethernet device passed or failed each test.
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Automotive Ethernet is a high-speed, low-latency physical layer in-vehicle communication network designed for automotive connectivity applications. It is adapted from the established Ethernet standards and complements the traditional controller area network or CAN bus, suited for cost-sensitive low-speed control applications. Unlike the traditional Ethernet, automotive Ethernet offers high-speed data transfer and high-volume data communication, all in a single twisted pair cable for full duplex communication. It has low latency, which is critical for real-time systems like advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS).
The ethernet standard has been adapted into the automotive industry with amendments to incorporate additional requirements and features to enable the explosion of in-vehicle infotainment, ADAS, onboard diagnostics, and wireless connectivity, such as 5G and V2X. Unlike conventional automotive networks that can only support data transfer rates of up to 1 Mbps, automotive Ethernet provides much higher bandwidth and lower latency for mission-critical data transmission between sensors such as radar, lidar, cameras, and onboard controls. The in-vehicle network is transitioning towards automotive Ethernet and SerDes for high-speed, low-latency data communications applications. Check out this blog on "Why use 10Base-T1S instead of CAN and its variants?" on the transition towards a more homogenous automotive Ethernet network.
Automotive Ethernet offers higher data rates, making them ideal for mission-critical ADAS and autonomous driving applications.
Implementing automotive Ethernet for in-vehicle networks requires making sure the designs comply with industry standards, including:
You can use protocol triggering and decode software to configure protocol-level trigger conditions specific to automotive Ethernet. This allows you to eliminate errors by viewing packets at the protocol level. Decoding at the protocol layer enables you to map errors back to the physical bus and debug the root causes of the errors.
Automotive Ethernet first saw the introduction of lower speeds (10 Mbps) and multigigabit speed applications in 2019 and 2020. Now automotive Ethernet PHY standards under IEEE 802.3ch are available for 2.5 Gbps, 5 Gbps, and 10Gbps, called IEEE 802.3ch. The NAV Alliance has working groups working to create physical layer specifications and management parameters for 25 Gbps and 50 Gbps electrical interfaces for automotive Ethernet networks.
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