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Application Notes
Introduction to Noise and Noise Modeling
Any undesirable turbulence that corrupts an information-bearing signal is generally referred to as noise. Electrical noise is inherent in every circuit, ranging from current flowing through a resistor or transistor, to leakage current through a tantalum capacitor. To minimize its effects, it becomes necessary to measure and quantify the noise of the constituent parts, and then connect the constituent noise contributions to overall circuit performance. In the case of a voltage-controlled oscillator, transistor noise results in small frequency fluctuations measured as phase noise. In the case of a low-noise amplifier or an operational amplifier circuit, resistor noise in the feedback can greatly increase the resultant voltage noise at the output. A typical amplifier will not only amplify the signal and noise at the input (which is desirable), but also contribute its own noise (which is undesirable).
The E4727A Advanced Low-Frequency Noise Analyzer (A-LFNA) enables a closer, deeper look at noise. A device designer may extract noise models using powerful device modeling software like the Model Builder Program (MBP) and the Integrated Circuit Characterization and Analysis Program (IC-CAP). The models may be then passed along to circuit designers, who may then push the envelope in low noise circuitry.
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