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Application Notes
Introduction
Biological samples span an incredible range of size scales, composition, structures, and morphology. Over the last few decades special microscopy techniques for biological specimens have moved to the forefront such as confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). With respect to the SEM many biological specimens share a similar set of issues, namely the low conductivity of the biosamples and the typical insulating glass substrates.
Generally samples examined in the SEM need to be electrically conducting in order to minimize charge build up on the sample surface induced by the incident electron beam. Charge build up can severely degrade the resultant image data. Advances in SEM to address a wider range of samples have led to brighter sources which are field emission filaments, low vacuum SEM, environmental SEM (eSEM), and low voltage SEM (LV-SEM). Generally, three approaches can be employed to minimize charging from insulating specimens. First one can coat the sample with an inert metal like gold.
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